24th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), Vancouver 2010

How Does the Brain Compute and Compare Values at the Time of Decision-Making?

author: Antonio Rangel, Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology
published: Jan. 12, 2011, recorded: December 2010, views: 717

Slides

Slides
0:00	The neurobiology of simple choice
1:11	Goals of neuroeconomics
1:55	Simple economic choice
2:37	Example
2:53	Why study simple choice?
3:36	A simple but useful framework
3:55	Useful conceptual framework
5:39	Valuation
5:43	Experiment 1
9:50	MAIN RESULT: mOFC and DLPFC encode for WTP
12:36	Experiment 2
14:41	Areas with increased activity with bid
14:46	Conjunction of appetitive vs aversive goal value signals
15:41	Experiment 3
16:37	Behavior (1)
17:02	Behavior (2)
17:52	Comparison
17:58	Common reduced from view
18:50	Ratcliff’s Drift-Diffusion Model
21:22	Experimental 4
22:19	Computational model
23:46	Examples of simulations
24:14	Estimation-prediction exercise
24:21	Basic psychometrics
25:10	Basic fixation patterns
25:30	Key tests of the model
27:48	Predicted choice biases
29:18	Computational model
31:20	Experiment 5
32:15	mOFC encodes attention modulatedrelative value signal
33:38	From choices to motor output
33:55	Experiment 6
34:48	mOFC correlates with stimulus values
34:59	Markers of a region involved in comparison
36:22	dmPFC activity correlates with predictionsof simple neural implementation ofbest fitting DDM
36:29	dmPFC modulates transformation of valuesinto motor responses
38:26	Self-control
38:56	Neural mechanisms ofdietary self-control
41:16	Behavioral differences across groups
42:08	Hypotheses
42:41	Activity in vmPFC is correlated with a behavioral measure of decision value (regardless of SC)
43:13	vmPFC BOLD signal reflects both taste and health ratings
43:47	The effect of HR in the vmPFC is correlated with its effect on behavior
44:13	SC group has greater DLPFC than NSC when implementing self-control
44:47	Attentional self-control network
45:33	Next steps: Examples of critical open questions
45:55	Questions

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Description

Most organisms facing a choice between multiple stimuli will look repeatedly at them, presumably implementing a comparison process between the items’ values. Little is known about the exact nature of the comparison process in value-based decision-making, or about the role that the visual fixations play in this process. We propose a computational model in which fixations guide the comparison process in simple binary value-based choice and test it using eye-tracking. We present results from an eye-tracking choice experiment showing that the model is able to quantitatively explain complex relationships between fixation patterns and choices, as well as several fixation-driven decision biases. We also present results from several fMRI choice experiments showing that the key processes at work in the model are implemented in the ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices.