Sex differences in the Brain: Fact or Fiction? / Spolne razlike v možganih: Dejstvo ali izmišljotina?

author: Margaret M. McCarthy, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
published: Oct. 21, 2011,   recorded: October 2011,   views: 1381
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Slides
0:00 Sex differences in the Brain: Fact or Fiction?
0:26 Sex differences in brain and behavior are determined by:
0:38 In humans, environment and experience are probably dominant
1:00 To understand the cultural ...
1:12 To understand the cultural
1:57 Laboratory Rat
2:08 Sex differences in brain and ...
2:25 Type One: Sex Dimorphism
3:00 Type Two: Sex Difference
3:22 Type Three: Sex Convergence
4:00 Sex differences in the brain (1)
4:56 Sex differences in the brain (2)
5:51 Sex differences in brain and behavior are determined by: Hormones
6:19 Genetic sex determines gonadal sex which determines phenotypic sex
7:40 Brain sexual differentiation occurs early
9:38 How do we connect brain sex differences to sex differences in behavior?
10:35 Type One: Sex Dimorphism
10:54 Thesis research of Stuart Amateau and Christopher Wright
11:45 Steroids change the number of synapses
12:21 Is there a sex difference in dendritic spines in the newborn brain?
12:34 There are more dendritic spine synapses in the POA of newborn males
13:31 Do hormones increase dendritic spines in the newborn female brain?
13:45 Male hormones increase spine synapses in females.
14:17 Prostaglandins
15:02 Do prostaglandins increase dendritic spines in the developing POA?
15:09 Prostaglandin mimics the action of male hormones on spine synapses in the POA.
15:34 Do prostaglandins increase dendritic spines in the developing POA?
15:37 Working model of male hormone-mediated ...
16:00 Working model of male hormone-mediated synaptogenesis on developing neurons
17:29 Do prostaglandins change adult behavior? (1)
17:50 Do prostaglandins change adult behavior? (2)
19:02 Do prostaglandins change adult behavior? (3)
19:31 Neonatal females treated with PGE2 behave like males as adults
19:43 Type One: Sex Dimorphism
19:54 Steroids mediated cell death in rodent and human brains
20:40 The Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) is larger in males because neurons die in the female
21:29 Type Two: Sex Difference
21:42 The hippocampus
22:00 Is there a sex difference in cell death in the hippocampus?
22:19 Does male hormone stimulate neurogenesis in the developing hippocampus?
23:05 There is more cell genesis in the developing male hippocampus
23:26 Conclude testosterone stimulates cell genesis in the developing male brain
23:38 What kind of cells will they become?
24:09 70 - 80% become neurons that persist until at least early adolescence
24:23 The male hippocampus is only slightly larger than the females
25:02 The hippocampus (2)
25:30 Type Three: Sex Convergence
25:51 Morris Water Maze - latency to find platform (1)
26:50 Males outperform females when: ...
27:07 Females outperform males when
27:35 Morris Water Maze - latency to find platform (2)
28:09 And in humans?
29:03 Toy choice in children is sexually dimorphic
29:30 And primates too! – is this driven by early hormones?
30:26 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
31:10 Trends in Cognitive Sciences
32:41 Rough and Tumble Play
33:45 Rough and tumble play is slightly increased in CAH girls
34:25 Characteristics of boys and girls spontaneous drawings
35:53 Unaffected boys and girls
36:10 Girls with CAH
36:34 Sex Differences in the Brain
36:49 This is Fiction!
37:12 This is closer to fact - A mosaic view of male versus female brain
37:29 And another important set of facts….
37:42 Autism
37:50 Dyslexia
37:53 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD
38:04 Eating Disorders
38:13 Affective Disorders
38:24 Schizophrenia
38:39 Males are at higher risk of developmental onset disorders
38:53 Females are at higher risk of adult onset disorders
39:06 Organization for the Study of Sex Differences
39:28 - Questions

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Description

Everyone knows and agrees that men and women are different, they look different, dress different, behave different and often seem to think different. What is not agreed upon is why this is so. Is it societal expectations, parental guidance, biological determinism, genetics or some combination thereof? And the answer to the question is not important for mere curiosity, it is fundamental to major issues such as educational policies, health care, job equity and more. Parsing out the contributing role of each variable is exceedingly difficult in humans where we cannot conduct experiments or control for experience and environment. However, in animals we can do exactly that, and we can thereby determine how much nature versus nurture influences the establishment, maintenance and functional significance of sex differences in the brain. The next great challenge is to then determine how what we find in animals applies to humans, and perhaps more importantly, how it doesn’t. Sex differences in the brain come in many sizes, shapes and forms. The most robust differences between males and females are not surprisingly those directly relevant to reproduction. The neural underpinnings controlling sex behavior and control of gonadal function are establishing during a developmental sensitive period by the differential hormonal milieu found in males versus females. Considerable advances have been made in identifying the cellular mechanisms of early organizational effects of testosterone and its metabolite estradiol, which then determine adult physiology and behavior. These mechanisms are highly brain region specific and impact on cell death, axonal projections and synaptogenesis, resulting in a brain that combines varying degrees of maleness and femaleness. The study of reproductive endpoints is valid in its own right but also provides insight into the more subtle sex differences associated with cognition, emotionality, social behavior and relative risk of neurological disorders and diseases of mental health.


Vsi se strinjamo, da se moški in ženske med seboj razlikujejo, da so videti različni, različno se oblačijo, različno se obnašajo in pogosto se zdi, da tudi različno mislijo. Ne strinjamo pa se glede vzrokov, zakaj je to tako. So kriva družbena pričakovanja, vzgoja staršev, biološki determinizem, genetika ali kombinacije vsega tega? Odgovor na to vprašanje ni pomemben samo zaradi radovednosti same po sebi, pač pa tudi zato, ker ga moramo upoštevati na mnogih ključnih področjih, kot so izobraževalne politike, zdravstvena politika, enakost v zaposlovanju ipd. Pri ljudeh je skrajno težko opredeliti vlogo vsakega od dejavnikov, ker ne moremo izvajati eksperimentov ali nadzorovati izkušenj in okolja. Nasprotno pa pri živalih lahko počnemo natanko to, zato lahko določimo, koliko na oblikovanje, vzdrževanje in funkcionalno pomembnost spolnih razlik v možganih vpliva narava in koliko vzgoja. Naslednji velik izziv je, kako to, kar smo odkrili pri živalih, uporabiti pri razlagi ljudi, morda pa je še bolj pomembno, kako tega ne uporabiti. Spolne razlike v možganih se pojavljajo v številnih velikostih, oblikah. Najbolj jasne razlike med samci in samicami so – ne presenetljivo – tiste, ki so neposredno pomembne za razmnoževanje. Nevronske podpore, ki nadzirajo spolno obnašanje in nadzirajo delovanje spolnih žlez, se vzpostavljajo v občutljivem razvojnem obdobju, ko se z različnim hormonalnim okoljem ustvarjajo moški in ženski osebki. Precejšen napredek je bil narejen pri odkrivanju celičnih mehanizmov zgodnjih organizacijskih učinkov testosterona in njegovega metabolita estradiola, ki določata delovanje telesa in obnašanje v odraslosti. Ti mehanizmi so zelo natančno urejani v posameznih delih možganov in vplivajo na celično smrt, rast aksonov in oblikovanje sinaps, končni rezultat pa so možgani, ki so kombinacija različne stopnje moškosti in ženskosti. Raziskave razvoja sistemov, ki nadzirajo razmnoževanje, so pomembne za razumevanje razmnoževanja samega, nudijo pa tudi vpogled v bolj subtilne spolne razlike, ki so povezane z mišljenjem, čustvovanjem, socialnim vedenjem in tudi relativnim tveganjem za nevrološka obolenja in duševne bolezni.

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