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Sex differences in the Brain: Fact or Fiction? / Spolne razlike v možganih: Dejstvo ali izmišljotina?
Published on Oct 21, 201113126 Views
Everyone knows and agrees that men and women are different, they look different, dress different, behave different and often seem to think different. What is not agreed upon is why this is so. Is i
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Chapter list
Sex differences in the Brain: Fact or Fiction?00:00
Sex differences in brain and behavior are determined by:00:26
In humans, environment and experience are probably dominant00:38
To understand the cultural ...01:00
To understand the cultural01:12
Laboratory Rat01:57
Sex differences in brain and ...02:08
Type One: Sex Dimorphism02:25
Type Two: Sex Difference03:00
Type Three: Sex Convergence03:22
Sex differences in the brain (1)04:00
Sex differences in the brain (2)04:56
Sex differences in brain and behavior are determined by: Hormones05:51
Genetic sex determines gonadal sex which determines phenotypic sex06:19
Brain sexual differentiation occurs early07:40
How do we connect brain sex differences to sex differences in behavior?09:38
Type One: Sex Dimorphism10:35
Thesis research of Stuart Amateau and Christopher Wright10:54
Steroids change the number of synapses11:45
Is there a sex difference in dendritic spines in the newborn brain?12:21
There are more dendritic spine synapses in the POA of newborn males12:34
Do hormones increase dendritic spines in the newborn female brain?13:31
Male hormones increase spine synapses in females.13:45
Prostaglandins14:17
Do prostaglandins increase dendritic spines in the developing POA?15:02
Prostaglandin mimics the action of male hormones on spine synapses in the POA.15:09
Working model of male hormone-mediated ...15:37
Working model of male hormone-mediated synaptogenesis on developing neurons16:00
Do prostaglandins change adult behavior? (1)17:29
Do prostaglandins change adult behavior? (2)17:50
Do prostaglandins change adult behavior? (3)19:02
Neonatal females treated with PGE2 behave like males as adults19:31
Type One: Sex Dimorphism19:43
Steroids mediated cell death in rodent and human brains19:54
The Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (SDN) is larger in males because neurons die in the female20:40
Type Two: Sex Difference21:29
The hippocampus21:42
Is there a sex difference in cell death in the hippocampus?22:00
Does male hormone stimulate neurogenesis in the developing hippocampus?22:19
There is more cell genesis in the developing male hippocampus23:05
Conclude testosterone stimulates cell genesis in the developing male brain23:26
What kind of cells will they become?23:38
70 - 80% become neurons that persist until at least early adolescence24:09
The male hippocampus is only slightly larger than the females24:23
The hippocampus (2)25:02
Type Three: Sex Convergence25:30
Morris Water Maze - latency to find platform (1)25:51
Males outperform females when: ...26:50
Females outperform males when27:07
Morris Water Maze - latency to find platform (2)27:35
And in humans?28:09
Toy choice in children is sexually dimorphic29:03
And primates too! – is this driven by early hormones?29:30
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)30:26
Trends in Cognitive Sciences31:10
Rough and Tumble Play32:41
Rough and tumble play is slightly increased in CAH girls33:45
Characteristics of boys and girls spontaneous drawings34:25
Unaffected boys and girls35:53
Girls with CAH36:10
Sex Differences in the Brain36:34
This is Fiction!36:49
This is closer to fact - A mosaic view of male versus female brain37:12
And another important set of facts….37:29
Autism37:42
Dyslexia37:50
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD37:53
Eating Disorders38:04
Affective Disorders38:13
Schizophrenia38:24
Males are at higher risk of developmental onset disorders38:39
Females are at higher risk of adult onset disorders38:53
Organization for the Study of Sex Differences39:06
The team39:28